Emerson V150E Instrukcja Użytkownika Strona 5
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iii
Table of Contents
Introduction v
Chapter 1 Control Valve Selection 1-1
Chapter 2 Actuator Selection 2-1
Chapter 3 Liquid Valve Sizing 3-1
Chapter 4 Cavitation & Flashing 4-1
Chapter 5 Gas Valve Sizing 5-1
Chapter 6 Control Valve Noise 6-1
Chapter 7 Steam Conditioning 7-1
Chapter 8 Process Overview 8-1
Chapter 9 Pulping 9-1
Chapter 10A Batch Digesters 10A-1
Chapter 10B Continuous Digesters 10B-1
Chapter 11 Black Liquor Evaporators/Concentrators 11-1
Chapter 12 Kraft Recovery Boiler 12-1
Chapter 13 Recausticizing & Lime Recovery 13-1
Chapter 14 Bleaching & Brightening 14-1
Chapter 15 Stock Preparation 15-1
Chapter 16 Wet End Chemistry 16-1
Chapter 17 Paper Machine 17-1
Chapter 18 Power & Recovery Boiler 18-1
- CONTROL VALVE 1
- SOURCEBOOK 1
- Table of Contents 5
- Pulp and Paper Control Valves 7
- Globe Valves 10
- Rotary Valves 12
- Eccentric-Disk Control Valve 13
- Control-Disk Valve 14
- V-notch Ball Control Valve 14
- Control Valve End Connections 15
- Valve Body Bonnets 16
- Extension Bonnets 17
- Bellows Seal Bonnets 18
- Control Valve Packing 19
- Fugitive Emissions 20
- Graphite) Packing System 22
- ULF Packing System 22
- Valve Bodies 23
- Characterized Valve Plugs 24
- Valve Plug Guiding 25
- General Selection Criteria 26
- Conclusion 28
- General Service 29
- Liquid Level Systems 30
- Pressure Control Systems 30
- Flow Control Processes 30
- Actuator Selection 33
- Torque or Thrust Requirements 34
- Control Functions 34
- Economics 34
- Actuator Designs 35
- Piston Actuators 36
- W9589-1 W9588-1 37
- Actuator Sizing 39
- Actuator Force Calculations 40
- The Selection Process 41
- Fisher TCMt Plus Ball Seal 42
- Actuator Selection Summary 43
- Liquid Valve Sizing 45
- Sizing Valves for Liquids 49
- Table 3-2. Equation Constants 51
- Liquid Sizing Sample Problem 53
- Sizing for Pulp Stock 55
- Cavitation and Flashing 59
- Figure 4-2. Generalized r 60
- Cavitation 61
- Cavitation in Pulp Stock 62
- Flashing 62
- Viscous Flow 62
- Valve Material Damage 64
- Cavitation / Flashing Damage 65
- Selection Procedure 66
- Application Guidelines 66
- Additional Guidelines 66
- Hardware Choices for Flashing 67
- Applications 67
- System Design 68
- Drilled Hole Design 70
- Characterized Cage 70
- Cavitation Control Hardware 71
- Alternatives 71
- Gas Sizing 73
- Determining x 74
- , the Pressure Drop 74
- Ratio Factor 74
- Problem No. 1 74
- Table 5-2. Equation Constants 78
- Gas or Liquid Flow 79
- Control Valve Noise 81
- Sound Characteristics 82
- Combining Noise Sources 82
- Sources of Valve Noise 83
- Noise Prediction 84
- Methods to Attenuate Noise 85
- Figure 6-3. Whisper Trim III 86
- Path Treatment 87
- Hydrodynamic Noise 88
- Two-Phase Noise 89
- Control Valve Noise Summary 90
- Steam Conditioning 91
- Why Desuperheat? 93
- Desuperheating 94
- Desuperheaters 94
- Steam Conditioning Valves 97
- Installation Guidelines 99
- Turbine Bypass Systems 100
- High Pressure Bypass 101
- Hot-Reheat and Low Pressure 102
- Two-Shift Operation 103
- Load Rejection/Quick Restart 104
- Short Notes: 104
- Warm Starts 104
- Hot Starts 104
- Process Overview 105
- Evaporation 106
- Causticizing 107
- Bleaching 107
- Stock Preparation 108
- Paper Machine 108
- Utilities 109
- Waste Treatment 110
- C0810 / IL 111
- Figure 8-3. Utilities 113
- Chapter 9 115
- Chemithermomechanical Pulp 116
- Chemical Pulping 117
- Recovery Process: 118
- Digesters 119
- Cooking Time 122
- Cooking Temperature 122
- Cooking Pressure 122
- Pressure Profile 122
- False Pressure 124
- Overpressure 124
- Relief or Gas Off 124
- Blow Back 124
- Blow Tank 124
- Control Valve Selection 125
- Batch Digester – Low Energy 126
- Refer to figure 10A-6 129
- Continuous Digesters 131
- Pressurizing 132
- Chip Feeding 132
- Figure 10B-1. Chip Feeding 133
- Pre-steaming and Conditioning 134
- Heating Stage 142
- Valve: KV-60A and B Bottom 143
- Cooking Zone 144
- Valve: HV-16 Digester washer 145
- 1. Dual vessel only 150
- Chapter 11 155
- Auxiliary Equipment 157
- Concentrators 158
- P=Primary Valve Choise 160
- S=Secondary Valve Chice 160
- T=Throttling Service 160
- O/O=On/Off Service 160
- Chapter 12 161
- Kraft Recovery Boiler 163
- Process: 164
- Conditions: 164
- Typical Process Conditions: 164
- Chemical Reduction 165
- P=Primary Valve Choice 166
- S=Secondary Valve Choice 166
- Chapter 13 169
- Causticizers 170
- Lime Mud Filter 171
- Lime Recovery 172
- 0814 / IL 173
- Bleaching and Brightening 177
- Conventional Bleaching 178
- Fiberline 179
- Totally Chlorine Free 179
- Mechanical Pulping 180
- Chlorine Dioxide Applications 181
- Design Considerations 182
- Typical Specification 182
- Oxygen (O) Stage 183
- Figure 14-7. Oxygen (O) Stage 184
- Refining 186
- Blend Chest 187
- Stock Screening 187
- Machine Chest 187
- Thin Stock Process 188
- Stuffbox 188
- Basis Weight Valve 188
- White Water 188
- Cleaners 189
- Brown Stock Rejects Valve 190
- Deaeration Chamber 190
- Broke Handling 190
- Compact Stock Process 190
- Medium Consistency (MC) Pump 192
- Design Considerations: 192
- Typical Specification: 192
- Wet-End Chemistry 193
- Titanium Dioxide (TiO 195
- ) Applications 195
- Figure 17-2 198
- Forming Wire 199
- Fourdrinier Multi-Ply Process 200
- Twin Wire Formers 200
- Figure 17-8. Cylinder Former 201
- Figure 17-9. Gap-Wire Former 201
- Figure 17-10. Top-Wire Former 202
- Figure 17-12. Roll Press 203
- Figure 17-13. Shoe Press 203
- Press Arrangements 204
- Steam and Condensate System 205
- Hood Ventilation 205
- Size Press 207
- Calendaring 207
- Roll Finishing 208
- Boilers — Water/Steam Cycle 209
- Boiler Feedwater System 210
- Steam Generation 211
- Steam Turbine Generators 212
- Main Steam PRV and Turbine 212
- Condensing and Cooling System 213
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